Hestenes, D.: Space-Time Algebra, 2nd edn. Kovács, A., Vassallo, G., Di Tommaso, A.O., Celani, F., Wang, D.: Maxwell-Dirac Theory and Occam’s Razor: Unified Field, Elementary Particles, and Nuclear Interactions (2019) Niehaus, A.: A probabilistic model of spin and spin measurements. 40, 1–54 (2010)īarut, A.O., Zanghi, N.: Classical model of the Dirac electron. Hestenes, D.: Zitterbewegung in quantum mechanics. Hestenes, D.: The zitterbewegung interpretation of quantum mechanics. Schrödinger, E.: Zur quantendynamik des elektrons, Berlin, pp. Schrödinger, E.: Über die kräftefreie Bewegung in der relativistischen Quantenmechanik, Berlin, pp. Greiner, W.: Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, 3rd edn. 51, 106–119 (1937)īreit, G.: An interpretation of Dirac’s theory of the electron. Wigner, E.: On the consequences of the symmetry of the nuclear Hamiltonian on the spectroscopy of nuclei. Heisenberg, W.: Über den Bau der Atomkerne. McGraw-Hill, New York (2010)ĭirac, P.A.M.: The quantum theory of the electron. Peleg, Y., Pnini, R., Zaarur, E., Hecht, E.: Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Quantum Mechanics, 2nd edn. Levitt, M.H.: Spin Dynamics: Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Peskin, M., Schroeder, D.: An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Cambridge University Press, Section “Black holes, dumb holes, and entropy”, pp. Unruh, W.G.: Physics Meets Philosophy at the Planck Scale. Takagi, S.: Vacuum noise and stress induced by uniform acceleration: Hawking-Unruh effect in Rindler manifold of arbitrary dimensions. A 8, 609–616 (1975)įulling, S.A.: Nonuniqueness of canonical field quantization in Riemannian space-time. D 14, 870–892 (1976)ĭavies, P.C.W.: Scalar production in Schwarzschild and Rindler metrics. Unruh, W.G.: Notes on black-hole evaporation. In: Hawking SW, Israel W (eds) General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, pp. Matsas, G.: The Fulling-Davies-Unruh effect is mandatory: the Proton’s testimony. Lynch, M.H., Cohen, E., Hadad, Y., Kaminer, I.: Experimental observation of acceleration-induced thermality. Lochan, K., Ulbricht, H., Vinante, A., Goyal, S.K.: Detecting acceleration-enhanced vacuum fluctuations with atoms inside a cavity. 52(2), 1–19 (2022)īiermann, S., Erne, S., Gooding, C., Louko, J., Schmiedmayer, J., Unruh, W.G., Weinfurtner, S.: Unruh and analogue Unruh temperatures for circular motion in 3 1 and 2 1 dimensions. Niehaus, A.: Trying an alternative Ansatz to quantum physics. Chapter The Electromagnetic Wave Equation Based Nuclear Model, pp. Kovács, A.: Maxwell-Dirac Theory and Occam’s Razor: Unified Field, Elementary Particles, and Nuclear Interactions. Hansson, J.: A simple explanation of the non-appearance of physical gluons and quarks. Greensite, J.: An Introduction to the Confinement Problem. 17, 687–692 (2021)īernard, V., Kaiser, N., Meißner, Ulf-G.: Chiral dynamics in nucleons and nuclei. Sulkosky, V., et al.: Measurement of the generalized spin polarizabilities of the neutron in the low-Q 2 region. This proposed ground-state proton model could be considered a low-energy approximation to a full quantum chromodynamical proton model. Magnetic moment and charge radius are calculated algebraically in a manner easily understood by undergraduate physics students. The resulting modeled proton charge radius agrees very well with the 2018 CODATA value. The adjustable parameter, reduced only by about 0.4% from an initial estimate, provides the proton’s experimentally determined magnetic moment to arbitrary precision. There are only two model inputs-proton mass and quantized electronic charge-and just one adjustable parameter. The charge shells are proposed to be associated with isospin and proton g-factor. Virtual photon standing waves are assumed to synchronize the inner shell with the central zitterbewegung fermion. A ground-state proton’s central zitterbewegung fermion is assumed to be surrounded by a halo of charge shells of both signs. Such a structure acts as an uncharged zitterbewegung fermion, and may explain neutrino mass. A direct connection between the circular Unruh effect, the zitterbewegung effect, spin, and general relativity is proposed. A quantum vortex, initiated by the strong force, but sustained in the proton’s ground state by the circular Unruh effect and a spherical Rindler horizon, is proposed to confine the proton’s mass-energy in its ground state. A proton’s ground state is assumed to be coherent to the degree that all of its mass-energy precipitates into a single uncharged spherical structure. \): Periodic Table of Elements that is color coded for atomic mass.A novel photon-based proton model is developed.
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